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Problems with motor control may be a key factor in bipolar disorder
?| December 16, 2011?|
None of us can stand perfectly still. No matter how hard we try, our bodies constantly make small adjustments, causing us to sway slightly as we stand. A new study finds that people with bipolar disorder tend to sway more than those who are unaffected, which may lead to new ways to treat and diagnose the illness.
When psychologists diagnose bipolar disorder, they typically look for mood swings between agitated mania and bleak depression. Previous studies have linked bipolar disorder to abnormalities in the cerebellum and basal ganglia, regions of the brain that are also important for motor control. This connection led Indiana University psychologist Amanda Bolbecker and her colleagues to hypothesize that people with bipolar disorder might also have problems with motor skills.
To test their idea, Bolbecker?s team had 16 people with bipolar disorder and 16 age-matched healthy control subjects stand on a device called a force platform. The platform is similar in ap?pearance to a bathroom scale, but instead of measuring weight it calculates the pressure from different parts of the feet, which indicates how the body is swaying.
In every trial?with their eyes open or closed and with their feet different widths apart?the people with bipolar disorder wobbled more than the healthy subjects, indicating problems with motor control. The patients had the most trouble with their eyes closed, which suggests that the bipolar brain has difficulty integrating sensorimotor information, those inputs from the body and senses that assist the brain in maintaining balance and body position.
Bolbecker points out that the cerebellum, located at the base of the brain, helps to regulate movement and is also involved in emotional reactions, such as fear and pleasure. In addition, the cerebellum connects to other parts of the brain linked to cognition, mood regulation and impulse control, three areas in which patients with bipolar disorder often have difficulties. If the cerebellum is damaged at the cellular level, it may create problems with both mood and motor control.
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By Allison Linn
If your company is ending the year with a hearty bit of holiday cheer - rather than an actual holiday bonus ? you?re definitely not alone.
More than 40 percent of companies say they do not offer year-end bonuses, gifts or other perks, according to a new poll released this week by Challenger, Gray and Christmas.
That?s a substantial increase from 2007, when just 28 percent of companies said they never offer such year-end perks.
Of course, things have changed substantially in those four years. With the nation?s unemployment rate still very high by historical standards, many companies may feel like they don?t need to give their employees extra rewards.
The lingering effects of the recession, which technically ran from December 2007 to June 2009, may also have left some employers without much extra cash left over at the end of year.
Still, more than half of the approximately 100 human resources executives surveyed said they do offer year-end perks. About half of those offering perks said they give nonmonetary gifts, while the rest said they gave some type of cash bonus to at least some employees.
The company said it did not ask whether employers offer bonuses at other times during the year.
Does your company offer a year-end bonus or perk?
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WASHINGTON ? It's the kind of stuff that gives moms nightmares: a machete near a play area, household chemicals accessible to preschoolers, and instructors teaching without a criminal background check.
These violations and others were found at Head Start centers across the country, according to a report released Tuesday by the inspector general of the Health and Human Services Department.
Head Start, the federal program with roots in President Lyndon Johnson's War on Poverty, provides early education services to nearly 1 million low-income kids nationwide. The federal government gives grant dollars to public, nonprofit and for-profit programs to provide the services.
Among the violations found: a screw protruding from a bookcase at child-height level in Longmont, Colo.; a children's bathroom in Edna, Texas, without lighting for months; and expired infant formula in the refrigerator of a center in the District of Columbia.
The inspector general's review was compiled using 24 audits of Head Start grantees running 175 facilities in seven states ? Connecticut, New York, Georgia, Wisconsin, Texas, Colorado and California ? and the District of Columbia from May 2009 to October 2010. While the review was of just a fraction of the approximately 1,600 Head Start grantees, it still raises red flags about the safety of children in such programs.
All told, according to the review:
_Twenty-one of 24 grantees did not comply fully with federal Head Start or state requirements to conduct criminal and other background checks.
_Nearly 90 percent of the facilities had toxic chemicals labeled "keep out of reach of children" and cleaning supplies accessible to children.
_More than 70 percent had open or broken gates leading to parking lots, streets or unsupervised areas and inadequate or broken fences.
_More than half had playground equipment that was not in good repair with problems such as protruding bolts, broken climbing apparatuses and elevated platforms without protective guards.
The inspector general recommended that the Administration for Families and Children, which falls under HHS and oversees Head Start, conduct onsite monitoring to ensure that centers comply with health and safety regulations.
It also called for the agency to determine whether it should seek legislation to require periodic background checks for Head Start employees and amend current policies to require that prospective or current employees be disqualified or terminated if they've been convicted of sexual abuse of a child or other forms of child abuse.
In response, the Administration for Families and Children said it "takes health and safety regulations very seriously and regularly monitors" under safety regulations.
Of the 24 grantees audited, three have since had Head Start dollars revoked and the others corrected the deficiencies, the Administration for Families and Children said. It also said it is reviewing the suggested policy changes.
Ensuring quality in Head Start programs has been an ongoing issue. Last month at a stop in Yeadon, Pa., President Barack Obama called Head Start "an outstanding program and a critical investment," but he said more accountability was needed. Under new rules that he announced, lower-performing Head Start programs will have to compete for funding if they have deficiencies discovered in their onsite review or don't meet other standards.
In most cases, the centers said in letters included in the audits that they had taken action to fix the problems found.
In Waterbury, Conn., a machete was found unattended along with a gas-powered hedge trimmer near a children's play area at a facility operated by the nonprofit New Opportunities Inc. Policies have been changed so that work crews do routine maintenance in the evenings and weekends when children are not present, Toni Hirst, the chief administrative officer, said in a phone interview. She said children were never in close proximity to the machete and hedge trimmer. She said the look at the center by the outside reviewers was helpful.
"By no means would we do anything that would lead a child to harm," Hirst said.
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Kimberly Hefling can be followed at http://twitter.com/khefling
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Online:
Link to the 24 audits of Head Start grantees: http://bit.ly/tLJycZ
HHS' Office of Inspector General: http://oig.hhs.gov/
Administration for Families and Children: http://www.acf.hhs.gov/
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